Buddhism and Buddhists in China By Lewis Hodus
Appendix I. Hints for the Preliminary Study of Buddhism in China
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He should follow the directions given in Appendix One of that book, This procedure is important because the Hînayâna Buddhism and the life of Buddha are the background of Buddhism in China.
Then he may take Hackmann’s Buddhism as a Religion (No. 15). This will give a general orientation. This may be followed with R. F. Johnston’s Buddhist China (No. 20). Along with this he may read Suzuki’s Awakening of Faith (No. 32), and also his Outlines of Mahâyanâ Buddhism (No. 33). McGovern’s Introduction to Mahâyanâ Buddhism (No. 23) will illuminate the philosophical background of Buddhism, and Eliot’s Hinduism and Buddhism (No. 13) will add historical perspective.
The translation of Mahdydna Sutras by Beal and in the Sacred Books of the East will give him some of the sources for the doctrines held in China. He may begin as the Buddhist missionaries did with the sutra of the Forty-two sections and then take up the Diamond Sutra, and then completing the sutras in Vol. 59 and the Catena of Buddhist Scriptures.
For the study of the ethical side he will find De Groot’s Le Code du Mahâyâna en Chine very helpful. For the study of the sects Eliot, Vol. III, pp. 303-320 Northern Buddhism (No. 14) will be helpful.
In all his study he will find Eitel’s Handbook of Chinese Buddhism (No. 12) indispensable. He must, however, make a Chinese index in order to be able to use the book.
Contact with monks will be helpful and is quite necessary in order to appreciate the human problems of the work.
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Appendix II. A Brief Bibliography
1. BEAL, S. Abstract of Four Lectures upon Buddhist Literature in China. London, Triibner, 1882.
Lecture II, on “Method of Buddha’s Teaching in the Vinaya Pitaka,” and Lecture IV, on “Coincidences Between Buddhism and Other Religions," especially desirable.
2. –– Buddhism in China, London, S. P. C. K, 1884.
The best comprehensive account of Chinese Buddhism, written by an authority.
3. –– Catena of Buddhist Scriptures, from the Chinese. London, Triibner, 1871.
A good introduction to Chinese Buddhism from the sources.
4. –– The Romantic Legend of Sâkya Buddha. London, Triibner, 1875.
Recounts Buddha’s history from the beginning to the conversion of the Kâsyapas and others.
5. –– Texts from the Buddhist Canon Commonly Known as D hammapada. London, Triibner, 1878. Pocket edition, 1902.
These “Scriptural Texts,” translated from the Chinese and abridged, are usually connected with some event in Buddha’s history. This translation has Indian anecdotes, illustrating the verses.
6. COULING, S., editor. The Encyclopaedia Sinica. Shanghai, Kelly & Walsh, 1917.
Contains, on pages 67-75, a number of brief articles upon Buddhism in China.
7. DE QROOT, J. J. M. Religion of the Chinese. New York, Macmillan, 1900.
Pages 164-223 contain a summary of the main facts about Chinese Buddhism by an authority.
8. –– Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China. 2 vols. J. Müller, Amsterdam, 1903-1904.
Treats from sources Confucianism’s persecution of Buddhism and other sects. See Vol. II. Index, under Buddhism, p. 572.
9. DORE, HENEI. Researches into Chinese Superstitions. 6 vols. Tusewei Press, 1914-1920.
A well illustrated miscellany of superstitions of all Chinese religions showing indistinctly their interpenetration by Buddhism. For Buddhism proper, see Vol. VI, pp. 89-233.
10. EDKINS, J. Chinese Buddhism. 2d edition. London, Trübner, 1893.
A very full account of Buddhism as seen by a Sinologue of the last generation.
11. EITEL, E. J. Buddhism: Its Historical, Theoretical and Popular Aspects. Hongkong, Lane, Crawford and Co., 1884.
Written by an observant scholar and descriptive of Buddhism of South China especially.
12. –– Handbook of Chinese Buddhism. Presbyterian Mission Press, Shanghai.
This is a Sanskrit-Chinese dictionary, a reprint of the second edition of 1888 without the Chinese index necessary for identifying Chinese Buddhist terms.
13. ELIOT, SIR CHARLES. Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch. 3 vols. Edward Arnold and Co., 1921.
This is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of Buddhism by an experienced student. The parts especially related to Chinese Buddhism are Vol. II, pp. 3-106; Vol. Ill, 223-335.
14. JETTY, A. Gods of Northern Buddhism. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1914.
This work is helpful in identifying images in the temples, though unfortunately few of those given are Chinese.
15. HACKMANN, H. Buddhism as a Religion. London, Probsthain, 1910.
Gives a general view of Buddhism from first-hand investigation. For Chinese Buddhism see pp. 200-257.
16. HASTINGS, JAMES. The Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. New York, Scribners, 1908.
Articles Asvaghosa, Bodhisattva, China (Buddhism in), Mahâyâna Missions (Buddhist).
17. HUME, R. E. The Living Religions of the World. New York, Scribners, 1924.
A clear comparative study of these religions in the light of Christian standards.
18. INGLIS, J. W. “Christian Element in Chinese Buddhism." International Review of Missions, Vol. V, 1916, pp. 587-602. An excellent article by a veteran missionary and scholar of Manchuria.
19. JOHNSON, S. Oriental Religions ... China. Boston, Houghton, Osgood Co., 1878.
Pages 800-833 give a comprehensive summary by a student of comparative religion.
20. JOHNSTON, R. F. Buddhist China. New York, Dutton, 1913.
A well-written, interesting book. The author knows his subject, and is held in high esteem by Buddhists in China.
21. KEITH, A. BERRIEDALE. Buddhist Philosophy in India and Ceylon. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923.
A study of the historic development of the Buddhistic philosophy in India and Ceylon which throws much light on the Mahâyâna.
22. LODGE, J. E. Chinese Buddhist Art. Asia, Vol. XIX, June, 1919.
Some of the choicest half-tones illustrating its character accompanied by interesting descriptions.
23. McGOVERN, W. M. An Introduction of Mahâyâna Buddhism. Dutton, 1922.
Though written from the point of view of Japanese Buddhism it gives a good treatment of metaphysical and psychological aspects of the Mahâyâna system.
24. MÜLLER, F. MAX. Sacred Books of the East. Vol. XLIX, Buddhist, Mahâyâna Texts. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1894.
A book of sources necessary for understanding Northern Buddhism.
25. PARKER, E. H. China and Religion. New York, Dutton, 1905.
A sketch of Buddhism by a scholar long resident in China is found in Chapter IV.
26. PAUL, C. T. The Presentation of Christianity to Buddhists. New York, Board of Missionary Preparation, 1924.
A carefully prepared study of Buddhism from the viewpoint of missionaries working in Buddhist lands.
27. REICHELT, K. L. “Special Work Among Chinese Buddhists.” Chinese Recorder, Vol. LI, 1920, July issue, pp. 491-497.
An article by a pioneer in work among Buddhists, of rare insight and sympathy.
28. RICHARD, T. The Awakening of Faith in the Mahâyâna Doctrine. 2d edition. Shanghai, 1918.
A loose translation by a very large-hearted and sympathetic student with an irenic spirit. See 32 below.
29. RICHARD, T. Guide to Buddhahood; Being a Standard Manual of Chinese Buddhism. Shanghai., 1907.
30. SAUNDERS, K. J. Epochs of Buddhist History (Haskell Lectures), Chicago University Press, 1922.
A good summary of the main developments in Buddhism.
31. STAUFFER, M. T. The Christian Occupation of China. Shanghai Continuation Committee, 1922.
The introductory section contains articles upon China’s religions.
32. SUZUKI, T. A’svaghosa’s Awakening of Faith in the Mahâyâna. Chicago, Open Court Publishing Co., 1900.
A far more accurate translation of this work than No. 28 above.
33. –– Outlines of Mahâyâna Buddhism. Chicago, Open Court Publishing Co., 1908.
While written from the Japanese point of view it is necessary to the understanding of Chinese Buddhism.
34. WATTERS, T. “Buddhism in China.” Chinese Recorder, Vol. II, 1870, pp. 1-7, 38-43, 64-68, 81-88, 117-122, 145-150, Shanghai.
A valuable series of articles by an excellent Chinese scholar, discussing the history, persecutions, and various Buddhas of China.
35. WEI, F. C. M. “Salvation by Faith as Taught by the Pure Land Sect." Chinese Recorder, Vol. LI, 1920, pp. 395 401, 485-491.
A good article on the sect whose ideas have spread over China and Japan.
36. WIEGER, L. Bouddhisme Chinois, 2 vols. Ho-Kien-Fou, Roman Catholic Press, 1910-1913.
This contains the Chinese text and French translation of the life of Buddha as known to China; also the ritual observed in ordination. A useful source book.
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